A viscoelastic constitutive framework for aging muscular and elastic arteries

The evolution of arterial biomechanics and microstructure with age and disease plays a critical role in understanding the health and function of the cardiovascular system. Accurately capturing these adaptative processes and their effects on the mechanical environment is critical for predicting arterial responses. This challenge is exacerbated by the significant differences between elastic and muscular arteries, which have different structural organizations and functional demands. In this study, we aim to shed light to these adaptive processes by comparing the viscoelastic mechanics of autologous thoracic aortas (TA) and femoropopliteal arteries (FPA) in different age groups. We have extended our fractional viscoelastic framework, originally developed for FPA, to both types of arteries. To evaluate this framework, we analyzed experimental mechanical data from TA and FPA specimens from 21 individuals aged 13 to 73 years. Each specimen was subjected to a multi-ratio biaxial mechanical extension and relaxation test complemented by bidirectional histology to quantify the structural density and microstructural orientations. Our new constitutive model accurately captured the mechanical responses and microstructural differences of the tissues and closely matched the experimentally measured densities. It was found that the viscoelastic properties of collagen and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in both the FPA and TA remained consistent with age, but the viscoelasticity of the SMCs in the FPA was twice that of the TA. Additionally, changes in collagen nonlinearity with age were similar in both TA and FPA. This model provides valuable insights into arterial mechanophysiology and the effects of pathological conditions on vascular biomechanics. Statement of significance: Developing durable treatments for arterial diseases necessitates a deeper understanding of how mechanical properties evolve with age in response to mechanical environments. In this work, we developed a generalized viscoelastic constitutive model for both elastic and muscular arteries and analyzed both the thoracic aorta (TA) and the femoropopliteal artery (FPA) from 21 donors aged 13 to 73. The derived parameters correlate well with histology, allowing further examination of how viscoelasticity evolves with age. Correlation between the TA and FPA of the same donors suggest that the viscoelasticity of the FPA may be influenced by the TA, necessitating more detailed analysis. In summary, our new model proves to be a valuable tool for studying arterial mechanophysiology and exploring pathological impacts.