Bardoxolone methyl in type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease

Dick De Zeeuw, Tadao Akizawa, Paul Audhya, George L. Bakris, Melanie Chin, Heidi Christ-Schmidt, Angie Goldsberry, Mark Houser, Melissa Krauth, Hiddo J. Lambers Heerspink, John J. McMurray, Colin J. Meyer, Hans Henrik Parving, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Robert D. Toto, Nosratola D. Vaziri, Christoph Wanner, Janet Wittes, Danielle Wrolstad, Glenn M. ChertowB. Toto, P. McCullough, P. Ivanovich, M. Ketteler, J. Lachin, J. McGill, R. Agarwal, S. Anker, J. F. Arenillas, J. Januzzi, A. Jardine, S. Kasner, B. Kissela, D. Kolansky, J. Mann, R. Thadhani, P. Champion de Crespigny, D. T. Chan, E. D'Almeida, I. Fraser, N. Gray, S. Holt, A. Irish, N. Isbel, P. Kerr, D. Packham, R. Phoon, C. Pollock, S. Roger, M. Suranyi, R. Walker, G. Wittert, D. Yue, P. Balcke, R. Prager, G. Schernthaner, G. Schernthaner, G. Sunder-Plassmann, M. Jadoul, J. M. Krzesinski, P. Peeters, P. Van der Niepen, L. Van Gaal, B. Van Vlem, X. Warling, S. Chow, S. Cournoyer, R. Dumas, S. Jolly, A. Levin, A. McMahon, H. Mehta, T. C. Ooi, D. Perkins, L. Roy, D. Sapir, P. Tam, D. Bartaskova, L. Hemzsky, D. Kubina, M. Szabo, V. Tesar, C. Combe, B. Faller, J. P. Fauvel, J. M. Halimi, M. Hourmant, Y. Le Meur, P. Urena-Torres, P. Zaoui, S. Al-Sarraf, V. Burst, S. Degenhardt, H. P. Kempe, W. Kleophas, C. Kosch, B. Krumme, M. Kuhlmann, F. Pistrosch, M. Rambausek, H. Schmidt-Guertler, T. Segiet, C. Sommerer, V. Vielhauer, I. Beberashvili, S. Benchetrit, T. Herskovits, E. Karnieli, N. Levin-Iaina, O. Mosenzon, A. Tsur, D. J. van Dijk, J. Wainstein, Y. Yagil, Y. Yerushalmi, G. Colussi, G. Conte, M. Di Luca, C. Giovambatista, P. Messa, A. Pani, A. Pisani, M. R. Rapana, P. Ruggenenti, G. Villa, C. Zoccali, R. Correa-Rotter, S. L. Diaz-Escobedo, P. Garcia, G. Gonzalez Galvez, G. T. Obrador Vera, R. Rico, F. Calero, S. Cigarran, F. de Alvaro, A. L. de Francisco, J. Egido, E. Fernandez, F. Fernandez Vega, J. Fort, A. Galan Serrano, J. L. Gorriz Teruel, I. Martinez, A. Martinez Castelao, M. A. Munar, J. Navarro, J. Nieto, A. Osuna, J. Pascual, J. Portoles, M. Praga, M. Vallés, B. Fellstrom, C. Frisenette-Fich, H. Hadimeri, P. Stenvinkel, M. Svensson, L. Weiss, K. Adamson, A. Dornhorst, M. El Kossi, L. Gnudi, B. Hendry, A. Johnson, F. Joseph, P. Kalra, S. Marshall, A. Mikhail, K. S. Myint, H. Soran, M. Taal, D. Zehnder, L. Abbott, A. Acharya, Z. Ahmed, J. Aiello, M. Akom, S. Ali, O. Alzohaili, L. Anderson, S. Anderson, M. Anger, G. Appel, R. F. Arakaki, A. Arif, A. R. Assefi, N. Atray, A. Awad, E. Barranco, M. O. Belledonne, D. Belo, M. Bernardo, R. Bernstein, V. Bhalla, D. Bhatia, R. M. Black, G. Block, J. Blondin, S. S. Blumenthal, P. Bononi, R. R. Brantley, P. Bresssler, V. Broumand, O. Brusco, J. Buerkert, R. Burgos-Calderon, R. Campbell, G. Canas, J. Cangiano, R. Cherlin, V. Chilakapati, R. Comunale, D. Coyne, P. W. Crawford, R. Darwish, W. Deeb, P. S. Denker, S. Desai, C. Desouza, S. Diamond, B. S. Dixon, J. H. Durham, G. Eisner, J. G. Elder, M. El-Shahawy, G. Fadda, D. Fitz-Patrick, V. Fonseca, N. J. Fraser, G. Frei, L. Fried, E. Galindo-Ramos, M. Germain, W. Ghantous, J. M. Gilbert, D. Gillum, J. Godwin, A. Goel, DS Goldfarb, R. J. Graf, T. Greenwood, A. Guasch, A. Hanna, K. Harper, T. Herman, T. Hilton, T. Hines, J. Hoggard, R. Hootkins, R. Huseman, A. Israelit, A. Jamal, K. Kant, E. Kaptein, A. Kathresal, J. Kaupke, K. Kaveh, W. Kaye, G. E. Keightley, K. Keith, Q. Khairullah, V. Kondle, N. Kopyt, G. Krishna, M. K. Lawrence, M. LeBeau, D. J. Leehey, M. M. Levine, D. Levinson, S. Q. Lew, D. Lewis, D. Linfert, K. Liss, R. Lund, P. Madeleine, K. Mahmood, E. R. Martin, C. Martinez, S. O. Mayeda, R. Mendez, J. Middleton, M. E. Molitch, J. Moncrief, M. Moustafa, R. Muoneke, A. V. Murray, T. S. Murugan, T. M. Nammour, G. Nassar, S. Navaneethan, J. Newman, A. Nossuli, I. Nwakoby, S. Osama, R. Ouseph, J. Parker, E. Parnes, N. Patel, P. Pergola, A. Perlman, R. G. Perry, R. Petrillo, S. Prabhakar, R. S. Purighalla, L. Quesada-Suarez, A. Rabiei, P. Raskin, A. Rastogi, E. Reisin, A. Rekhi, L. Rivera-Colon, D. Rizk, R. Rodelas, D. Roer, S. Rosas, D. L. Ross, S. Rovner, H. Sackel, S. Sader, P. Santos, R. Schmidt, S. Shafik, M. Shakeel, Z. Sharon, A. L. Silva, A. Silva, B. Singh, M. Smith, R. Solomon, S. Soman, B. Spinowitz, S. M. Sprague, L. Spry, L. Stonesifer, D. Streja, P. Suchinda, C. Sun, C. V. Thakar, F. Trespalacios, J. A. Tumlin, P. Van Buren, M. Vernace, S. Vicks, M. Warren, D. Weiss, J. Welker, J. A. Winston, D. G. Wombolt, M. Wood, M. Wu, A. Wynne, H. Yu, R. I. Zabaneh

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

844 Scopus citations

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease, the residual risk is high. Whether nuclear 1 factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 activators further reduce this risk is unknown. METHODS: We randomly assigned 2185 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate [GFR], 15 to <30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area) to bardoxolone methyl, at a daily dose of 20 mg, or placebo. The primary composite outcome was end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS: The sponsor and the steering committee terminated the trial on the recommendation of the independent data and safety monitoring committee; the median follow-up was 9 months. A total of 69 of 1088 patients (6%) randomly assigned to bardoxolone methyl and 69 of 1097 (6%) randomly assigned to placebo had a primary composite outcome (hazard ratio in the bardoxolone methyl group vs. the placebo group, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 1.37; P=0.92). In the bardoxolone methyl group, ESRD developed in 43 patients, and 27 patients died from cardiovascular causes; in the placebo group, ESRD developed in 51 patients, and 19 patients died from cardiovascular causes. A total of 96 patients in the bardoxolone methyl group were hospitalized for heart failure or died from heart failure, as compared with 55 in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.55; P<0.001). Estimated GFR, blood pressure, and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio increased significantly and body weight decreased significantly in the bardoxolone methyl group, as compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease, bardoxolone methyl did not reduce the risk of ESRD or death from cardiovascular causes. A higher rate of cardiovascular events with bardoxolone methyl than with placebo prompted termination of the trial.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)2492-2503
Number of pages12
JournalNew England Journal of Medicine
Volume369
Issue number26
DOIs
StatePublished - 2013

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Medicine

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