@article{8cb0e58e1ce740ed8a12628022e885af,
title = "Barriers to Achieving Gender Equity",
keywords = "gender bias, gender equity, women in Cardiothoracic anesthesiology, women in medicine",
author = "Shillcutt, {Sasha K.} and Silver, {Julie K.}",
note = "Funding Information: Studies of grant funding through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have demonstrated some gender-related differences in application and funding rates. 53,54 After accounting for variables such as age, experience, and type of research (human v non-human), there were no gender-related differences in first-time RO1 (grant submission) submission funding rates; however, men were more likely to apply for and be awarded renewal funding than women once they became experienced NIH investigators. 53 Moreover, in cases of multiple concurrent RO1 awards, investigators were more often men. 53 These trends have continued for more than 15 years despite formation of the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health in 1990—the purpose of which was to support women's careers, understand the role of disparities in funding, and improve women's health initiatives 55 —and a change in the NIH review process in 2009 that increased the scoring scale from 5 to 9 points and introduced separate criterion scores. 54 Indeed, recent research also found that “Reviewers assigned significantly worse priority, approach, and significance scores to female than male [principal investigator's] PIs{\textquoteright} Type 2 applications, despite using standout adjectives (eg, {\textquoteleft}outstanding,{\textquoteright} {\textquoteleft}excellent{\textquoteright}) and making references to ability in more critiques (p < 0.05 for all comparisons).” 54 ",
year = "2019",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1053/j.jvca.2019.02.007",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "33",
pages = "1811--1818",
journal = "Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia",
issn = "1053-0770",
publisher = "W.B. Saunders Ltd",
number = "7",
}