@article{2c11d8b445044dd38f9cd4520a050e5f,
title = "Changes in Dietary Inflammatory Index Score over Time and Cancer Development in Rural Post-Menopausal Women",
abstract = "Inflammation plays a key role in cancer development. As an important modulator of inflammation, the role of diet should be explored. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between diets with a higher inflammatory potential, as measured by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII{\textregistered}), and cancer development in a cohort of rural post-menopausal women. Dietary intake from a randomized controlled trial cohort of rural, post-menopausal women in Nebraska was used to compute energy-adjusted DII (E-DIITM) scores at baseline and four years later (visit 9). A linear mixed model analysis and multivariate logistic regression evaluated the association between E-DII scores (baseline, visit 9, change score) and cancer status. Of 1977 eligible participants, those who developed cancer (n = 91, 4.6%) had a significantly larger, pro-inflammatory change in E-DII scores (Non-cancer: Δ 0.19 ± 1.43 vs. Cancer: Δ 0.55 ± 1.43, p = 0.02). After adjustment, odds of cancer development were over 20% higher in those with a larger change (more pro-inflammatory) in E-DII scores than those with smaller E-DII changes (OR = 1.21, 95% CI [1.02, 1.42], p = 0.02). Shifting to a more pro-inflammatory diet pattern over four years was associated with increased odds of cancer development, but not with E-DII at baseline or visit 9 alone.",
keywords = "DII, cancer, cancer survivorship, dietary assessment, inflammation",
author = "Jackson, {Mariah Kay} and Joan Lappe and Jihyun Ma and Megan Timmerman and Lyden, {Elizabeth R.} and Nitin Shivappa and H{\'e}bert, {James R.} and {Travers Gustafson}, Dianne and Laura Graeff-Armas and Corrine Hanson",
note = "Funding Information: J.L. reports having joined the scientific panel for GrassrootsHealth after the original RCT study was underway. GrassrootsHealth is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization based in San Diego, California, with public health promotion as its primary endeavor. The focus is on vitamin D testing and education. J.L. has advised GrassrootsHealth on research design and data interpretation, but she is not employed by them, and has never received any funding from them. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is a registered trademark of the University of South Carolina. J.R.H. owns controlling interest in Connecting Health Innovations LLC (CHI), a company planning to license the right to his invention of the DII from the University of South Carolina in order to develop computer and smart phone applications for patient counseling and dietary intervention in clinical settings. N.S. was an employee of CHI. These activities have no direct bearing on the use of the DII as a research tool. C.H. is funded by a Veteran{\textquoteright}s Affairs Merit Award. L.G-A., D.T.G., J.M., E.R.L. and M.K.J. have no conflict or disclosures to report. The funders of the original study had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. {\textregistered} Funding Information: The original study was funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI-R01CA129488-01A2) and Creighton University internal funding. The present study has no funding to disclose. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 by the authors.",
year = "2023",
month = apr,
doi = "10.3390/antiox12040946",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "12",
journal = "Antioxidants",
issn = "2076-3921",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "4",
}