Comparisons of measures used to screen for obstructive sleep apnea in patients referred to a sleep clinic

Study objectives: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) contributes to all-cause mortality. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine task force is focusing on improving detection and categorization of OSA symptoms and severity to promote screening, assessment, and diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to psychometrically compare measures used in OSA screening (Berlin, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), STOP Bang) and a portable sleep monitor (PSM) to apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and levels from polysomnogram (PSG). Methods: An observational, cross-sectional design was used. Patients referred to a sleep specialist were enrolled at initial sleep evaluation. Participants completed measures used in OSA screening, then sent home for one night using PSM. PSGs were ordered by the physician and AHI results were obtained from the medical record. Results: Participants (N = 170) were enrolled in the study. Almost all participants completed the OSA measures, approximately half-completed PSM measurement, and the majority completed laboratory PSG. The STOP Bang had the highest levels of sensitivity; the ESS had the lowest. The ESS had the highest specificity and reliability levels; the STOP Bang had the lowest. The PSM measure had the highest positive predictive value (PPV) and the strongest psychometric properties of the screening measures. Conclusions: The STOP Bang was the preferred self-report OSA screening measure because of high levels of sensitivity. The ESS was the least desirable measure. PSM measurement consistently predicted the presence of OSA but at the expense of low sensitivity at AHI levels ≥30. This expands the knowledge of validity testing of screening measures used for OSA.