TY - JOUR
T1 - Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI)
T2 - A narrative review from a multispecialty task force of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)
AU - Annane, Djillali
AU - Pastores, Stephen M.
AU - Arlt, Wiebke
AU - Balk, Robert A.
AU - Beishuizen, Albertus
AU - Briegel, Josef
AU - Carcillo, Joseph
AU - Christ-Crain, Mirjam
AU - Cooper, Mark S.
AU - Marik, Paul E.
AU - Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto
AU - Olsen, Keith M.
AU - Rochwerg, Bram
AU - Rodgers, Sophia C.
AU - Russell, James A.
AU - Van Den Berghe, Greet
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - Objective: To provide a narrative review of the latest concepts and understanding of the pathophysiology of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI). Participants: A multi-specialty task force of international experts in critical care medicine and endocrinology and members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Data Sources: Medline, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Results: Three major pathophysiologic events were considered to constitute CIRCI: Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis, altered cortisol metabolism, and tissue resistance to glucocorticoids. The dysregulation of the HPA axis is complex, involving multidirectional crosstalk between the CRH/ ACTH pathways, autonomic nervous system, vasopressinergic system, and immune system. Recent studies have demonstrated that plasma clearance of cortisol is markedly reduced during critical illness, explained by suppressed expression and activity of the primary cortisol-metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney. Despite the elevated cortisol levels during critical illness, tissue resistance to glucocorticoids is believed to occur due to insufficient glucocorticoid alpha-mediated anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Novel insights into the pathophysiology of CIRCI add to the limitations of the current diagnostic tools to identify at-risk patients and may also impact how corticosteroids are used in patients with CIRCI.
AB - Objective: To provide a narrative review of the latest concepts and understanding of the pathophysiology of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI). Participants: A multi-specialty task force of international experts in critical care medicine and endocrinology and members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Data Sources: Medline, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Results: Three major pathophysiologic events were considered to constitute CIRCI: Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis, altered cortisol metabolism, and tissue resistance to glucocorticoids. The dysregulation of the HPA axis is complex, involving multidirectional crosstalk between the CRH/ ACTH pathways, autonomic nervous system, vasopressinergic system, and immune system. Recent studies have demonstrated that plasma clearance of cortisol is markedly reduced during critical illness, explained by suppressed expression and activity of the primary cortisol-metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney. Despite the elevated cortisol levels during critical illness, tissue resistance to glucocorticoids is believed to occur due to insufficient glucocorticoid alpha-mediated anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Novel insights into the pathophysiology of CIRCI add to the limitations of the current diagnostic tools to identify at-risk patients and may also impact how corticosteroids are used in patients with CIRCI.
KW - Corticosteroid insufficiency
KW - Critical illness
KW - Glucocorticoid receptor
KW - Glucocorticoids
KW - Sepsis
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U2 - 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002724
DO - 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002724
M3 - Article
C2 - 28938251
AN - SCOPUS:85039871681
SN - 0090-3493
VL - 45
SP - 2089
EP - 2098
JO - Critical care medicine
JF - Critical care medicine
IS - 12
ER -