TY - JOUR
T1 - Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in COVID-19, a double-edged sword?
AU - Xia, Xiaohuan
AU - Yuan, Ping
AU - Liu, Yihan
AU - Wang, Yi
AU - Cao, Weijun
AU - Zheng, Jialin C.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported in part by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 91949204 and no. 81830037 to JCZ, no. 81971145 and no. 81901333 to XX, no. 81801063 to YW), Shanghai Sailing Program (no. 19YF1451700 to XX), Shanghai Blue Cross Brain Hospital Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Tongji University Education Development Foundation (no. 000000381/2018108 to JCZ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors. Immunology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - The sudden outbreak of SARS-CoV-2-infected disease (COVID-19), initiated from Wuhan, China, has rapidly grown into a global pandemic. Emerging evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs), a key intercellular communicator, in the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19. In the pathogenesis of COVID-19, cells that express ACE2 and CD9 can transfer these viral receptors to other cells via EVs, making recipient cells more susceptible for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Once infected, cells release EVs packaged with viral particles that further facilitate viral spreading and immune evasion, aggravating COVID-19 and its complications. In contrast, EVs derived from stem cells, especially mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, alleviate severe inflammation (cytokine storm) and repair damaged lung cells in COVID-19 by delivery of anti-inflammatory molecules. These therapeutic beneficial EVs can also be engineered into drug delivery platforms or vaccines to fight against COVID-19. Therefore, EVs from diverse sources exhibit distinct effects in regulating viral infection, immune response, and tissue damage/repair, functioning as a double-edged sword in COVID-19. Here, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the pathological roles of EVs in COVID-19. A comprehensive discussion of the therapeutic effects/potentials of EVs is also provided.
AB - The sudden outbreak of SARS-CoV-2-infected disease (COVID-19), initiated from Wuhan, China, has rapidly grown into a global pandemic. Emerging evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs), a key intercellular communicator, in the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19. In the pathogenesis of COVID-19, cells that express ACE2 and CD9 can transfer these viral receptors to other cells via EVs, making recipient cells more susceptible for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Once infected, cells release EVs packaged with viral particles that further facilitate viral spreading and immune evasion, aggravating COVID-19 and its complications. In contrast, EVs derived from stem cells, especially mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, alleviate severe inflammation (cytokine storm) and repair damaged lung cells in COVID-19 by delivery of anti-inflammatory molecules. These therapeutic beneficial EVs can also be engineered into drug delivery platforms or vaccines to fight against COVID-19. Therefore, EVs from diverse sources exhibit distinct effects in regulating viral infection, immune response, and tissue damage/repair, functioning as a double-edged sword in COVID-19. Here, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the pathological roles of EVs in COVID-19. A comprehensive discussion of the therapeutic effects/potentials of EVs is also provided.
KW - COVID-19
KW - Cytokine storm
KW - Extracellular vesicle
KW - Inflammation
KW - SARS-CoV-2
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U2 - 10.1111/imm.13329
DO - 10.1111/imm.13329
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33742451
AN - SCOPUS:85104397354
VL - 163
SP - 416
EP - 430
JO - Immunology
JF - Immunology
SN - 0019-2805
IS - 4
ER -