TY - JOUR
T1 - Engineering and Mineralogical Evaluation of a Rapid-Strength Stabilizer for Expansive Clays
AU - Akula, Pavan
AU - Naik, Saureen
AU - Gholami, Shayan
AU - Kim, Yong Rak
AU - Little, Dallas
AU - Rushing, John
N1 - Funding Information:
The first author would like to acknowledge the Australian Government Research Training Program scholarship scheme for funding this research. This work was performed (i n part) at the South Australian node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility under the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy.
Funding Information:
This study was sponsored by TenCate Geosynthetics Americas. Mr. John Lostumbo at TenCate Geosynthetics Americas provided technical guidance and is appreciated.
Funding Information:
Funding for this research work was provided by the National Science Foundation (ECI - 1824647) and is greatly appreciated. Research collaboration made possible through the National Science Foundation under NSF Cooperative Agreement No. EEC-1449501 is also greatly appreciated. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Funding Information:
The use of trade, product, or firm names in this document is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. The tests described and the resulting data presented herein, unless otherwise noted, are based upon work condu cted by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center supported under PE 0602144A, Project BL7 P' ower Projection in A2AD Environments Technology, Task 'Entry and Sustainment in Complex, Contested Envrionments'. Permission was granted by the Directo r, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory to publish this information. The findings of this document are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center W912HZ19C0042.
Funding Information:
This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Research Center program under the grant numbered ERC -1449501 and industrial partner Arcelor Mittal. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NSF.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 41572246, 41772280, 41925012, 41902271), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20171228, BK20170394), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. The support of Rowan University through the startup fund ing and the seed funding is also highly appreciated.
Funding Information:
The authors would like t o thank the Transportation Consortium of South -Central States (Tran -SET) -5HJLRQ ¶V 8QLYHUVLW\ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ &HQWHU $ZDUG *787$ 7KH DXWKRUV would also like to acknowledge the NSF I/UCRC program funded Center for Integration of Composites into Infrastructure (CICI) site at Texas A&M University, College Station, Award # 2017796, Program Director: Dr. Prakash Balan. The authors would like to thank Mr. Oscar Huang for assistance in performing FESEM images at Texas A&M University.
Funding Information:
This material is based upon work partially supported by the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT). Any opinions or conclus ions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of MDT. The authors appreciate the assistance of the staff and researchers of the Center for Biofilm Engineering (CBE) and Joachim Eldring, the technical operations manager of the machining lab, at Montana State University.
Funding Information:
This research was sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under cooperative agreement no. W912HZ -20-2-0054. The conclusions reported here represent the sole opinion of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion or the support of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or the U.S. government.
Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Iowa Highway Research Board and National Science Foundation (Award # 1928813) who hav e sponsored this research.
Funding Information:
The authors like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this project received from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) (Grant no. 0 -6833).
Funding Information:
This study was funded by Watershed Geosynthetics. The authors want to thank Hantao He and hZ en hZ ang of Iowa State University and Carl Davis of Watershed Geosynthetics for helping with building the test models and performing the wind tunnel tests, and Dr. Rudolph Bonaparte of Geosyntec Consultants and Dr. Bryan Scholl of Watershed Geosynthetics for providing technical view of the wind tunnel test report.
Funding Information:
The authors would lie k to thank the Transport Research Center (TRC) at the University of Technology Sydney for providing the support required to carry out thi s study. The support from the ARC-Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Advanced Technologies in Rail Track Infrastructure (IC170100006) is also acknowledged.
Funding Information:
The tests described and the resulting data presented herein, unless otherwise noted, were obtained from research sponsored by Tensar International, and performed by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Permission was granted by the Director, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, and Tensar International to publish this information.
Funding Information:
The research described in this paper is financially supported by Office of Academy and Industry Collaboration and Marine Industry Research Center at Gyeongsang National University.
Funding Information:
This study has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. 51778353, 51978390), the China Scholarship Council (CSC 201906895014), the US Department of (QHUJ\¶V &RQVRUWLXP IRU 5LVN (YDOXDWLRQ ZLWKt ae6holder Participation (CRESP) III through Cooperative Agreement No. DE -FC01 -06EW07053, and the Environmental Research and Education Foundation through a fellowship to the second author The authors are grateful for the financial assistance.
Funding Information:
Vietnam National University in Ho Chi Minh City (VNU -HCM) and Ho Chi University of Technology C(H MUT) fund for this research under grand No. B2018 authors thank the significant supports.
Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) - Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Vicksburg, MS for the financial support. Additionally, the authors would also like to acknowledge Mr. Oscar Huang, graduate student, Department of Material Science, Texas AM Un& iversity for his help in FE -SEM imaging.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Science Found The support is gratefully acknowledged.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Rapid stabilization of expansive soils has significant potential to support infrastructure development, particularly highway pavements. Historically, several studies have attempted to develop a stabilizer that can rapidly convert weak soils to strong soils with little manipulation and straightforward construction protocol. Often, such studies have recommended the use of non-Traditional stabilizers that have not been widely implemented. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the use of a mixture composed of conventional stabilizers such as lime, metakaolin, and sodium silicate for rapid strength gain of expansive soils. A simulant soil composed of smectite, kaolinite, and quartz was used to evaluate the stabilizer. The optimum mix design for rapid strength gain was determined by varying the amount of lime, metakaolin, and sodium silicate. The proposed mixture was composed of 4% lime, 3% metakaolin, and 3% sodium silicate by weight of soil, respectively. Engineering characterization results showed a 170% increase in strength within 24 h of treatment. The durability of the treated soil was also evaluated by recording the strength after 3, 7, and 9 cycles of wetting and drying, respectively. The results indicate that the stabilizer performance is on par with the simulant soil treated with the optimal amount of lime and cement. Microscale characterization using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy and nanoindentation provided insights into the stabilization mechanism of the treated soil. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the formation of pozzolanic products such as (C,N)-A-S-H, which is attributed to the soil's rapid stabilization.
AB - Rapid stabilization of expansive soils has significant potential to support infrastructure development, particularly highway pavements. Historically, several studies have attempted to develop a stabilizer that can rapidly convert weak soils to strong soils with little manipulation and straightforward construction protocol. Often, such studies have recommended the use of non-Traditional stabilizers that have not been widely implemented. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the use of a mixture composed of conventional stabilizers such as lime, metakaolin, and sodium silicate for rapid strength gain of expansive soils. A simulant soil composed of smectite, kaolinite, and quartz was used to evaluate the stabilizer. The optimum mix design for rapid strength gain was determined by varying the amount of lime, metakaolin, and sodium silicate. The proposed mixture was composed of 4% lime, 3% metakaolin, and 3% sodium silicate by weight of soil, respectively. Engineering characterization results showed a 170% increase in strength within 24 h of treatment. The durability of the treated soil was also evaluated by recording the strength after 3, 7, and 9 cycles of wetting and drying, respectively. The results indicate that the stabilizer performance is on par with the simulant soil treated with the optimal amount of lime and cement. Microscale characterization using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy and nanoindentation provided insights into the stabilization mechanism of the treated soil. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the formation of pozzolanic products such as (C,N)-A-S-H, which is attributed to the soil's rapid stabilization.
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U2 - 10.1061/9780784484012.024
DO - 10.1061/9780784484012.024
M3 - Conference article
AN - SCOPUS:85126833333
SN - 0895-0563
VL - 2022-March
SP - 232
EP - 240
JO - Geotechnical Special Publication
JF - Geotechnical Special Publication
IS - GSP 331
T2 - 2022 GeoCongress: State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering - Soil Improvement, Geosynthetics, and Innovative Geomaterials
Y2 - 20 March 2022 through 23 March 2022
ER -