TY - JOUR
T1 - Gene × Environment interactions in speech sound disorder predict language and preliteracy outcomes
AU - McGrath, Lauren M.
AU - Pennington, Bruce F.
AU - Wtllcutt, Erik G.
AU - Boada, Richard
AU - Shriberg, Lawrence D.
AU - Smith, Shelley D.
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2007/9
Y1 - 2007/9
N2 - Few studies have investigated the role of genebenvironment interactions (G × E) in speech, language, and literacy disorders. Currently, there are two theoretical models, the diathesis-stress model and the bioecological model, that make opposite predictions about the expected direction of G × E, because environmental risk factors may either strengthen or weaken the effect of genes on phenotypes. The purpose of the current study was to test for G × E at two speech sound disorder and reading disability linkage peaks using a sib-pair linkage design and continuous measures of socioeconomic status, home language/literacy environment, and number of ear infections. The interactions were tested using composite speech, language, and preliteracy phenotypes and previously identified linkage peaks on 6p22 and 15q21. Results showed five G × E at both the 6p22 and 15q21 locations across several phenotypes and environmental measures. Four of the five interactions were consistent with the bioecological model of G × E. Each of these four interactions involved environmental measures of the home language/literacy environment. The only interaction that was consistent with the diathesis-stress model was one involving the number of ear infections as the environmental risk variable. The direction of these interactions and possible interpretations are explored in the discussion.
AB - Few studies have investigated the role of genebenvironment interactions (G × E) in speech, language, and literacy disorders. Currently, there are two theoretical models, the diathesis-stress model and the bioecological model, that make opposite predictions about the expected direction of G × E, because environmental risk factors may either strengthen or weaken the effect of genes on phenotypes. The purpose of the current study was to test for G × E at two speech sound disorder and reading disability linkage peaks using a sib-pair linkage design and continuous measures of socioeconomic status, home language/literacy environment, and number of ear infections. The interactions were tested using composite speech, language, and preliteracy phenotypes and previously identified linkage peaks on 6p22 and 15q21. Results showed five G × E at both the 6p22 and 15q21 locations across several phenotypes and environmental measures. Four of the five interactions were consistent with the bioecological model of G × E. Each of these four interactions involved environmental measures of the home language/literacy environment. The only interaction that was consistent with the diathesis-stress model was one involving the number of ear infections as the environmental risk variable. The direction of these interactions and possible interpretations are explored in the discussion.
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U2 - 10.1017/S0954579407000533
DO - 10.1017/S0954579407000533
M3 - Article
C2 - 17931434
AN - SCOPUS:35348864391
SN - 0954-5794
VL - 19
SP - 1047
EP - 1072
JO - Development and psychopathology
JF - Development and psychopathology
IS - 4
ER -