TY - JOUR
T1 - Heart sounds
T2 - Past, present, and future from a technological and clinical perspective – a systematic review
AU - Azmeen, Ayesha
AU - Vakilzadian, Hamid
AU - Haider, Hani
AU - Mathers, Daniel H.
AU - Zimmerman, Reid
AU - Bedi, Shine
AU - O’Leary, Edward L.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© IMechE 2023.
PY - 2023/6
Y1 - 2023/6
N2 - The high prevalence of cardiac diseases around the world has created a need for quick, easy and cost effective approaches to diagnose heart disease. The auscultation and interpretation of heart sounds using the stethoscope is relatively inexpensive, requires minimal to advanced training, and is widely available and easily carried by healthcare providers working in urban environments or medically underserved rural areas. Since René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec’s simple, monoaural design, the capabilities of modern-day, commercially available stethoscopes and stethoscope systems have radically advanced with the integration of electronic hardware and software tools, however these systems are largely confined to the metropolitan medical centers. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of stethoscopes, compare commercially available stethoscope products and analytical software, and discuss future directions. Our review includes a description of heart sounds and how modern software enables the measurement and analysis of time intervals, teaching auscultation, remote cardiac examination (telemedicine) and, more recently, spectrographic evaluation and electronic storage. The basic methodologies behind modern software algorithms and techniques for heart sound preprocessing, segmentation and classification are described to provide awareness.
AB - The high prevalence of cardiac diseases around the world has created a need for quick, easy and cost effective approaches to diagnose heart disease. The auscultation and interpretation of heart sounds using the stethoscope is relatively inexpensive, requires minimal to advanced training, and is widely available and easily carried by healthcare providers working in urban environments or medically underserved rural areas. Since René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec’s simple, monoaural design, the capabilities of modern-day, commercially available stethoscopes and stethoscope systems have radically advanced with the integration of electronic hardware and software tools, however these systems are largely confined to the metropolitan medical centers. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of stethoscopes, compare commercially available stethoscope products and analytical software, and discuss future directions. Our review includes a description of heart sounds and how modern software enables the measurement and analysis of time intervals, teaching auscultation, remote cardiac examination (telemedicine) and, more recently, spectrographic evaluation and electronic storage. The basic methodologies behind modern software algorithms and techniques for heart sound preprocessing, segmentation and classification are described to provide awareness.
KW - Bioacoustics
KW - cardiovascular system mechanics
KW - diagnostic electronic systems
KW - diagnostic sampling systems
KW - diagnostic screening systems
KW - hemodynamics
KW - medical signal processing
KW - microsensors
KW - physiological measurement
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U2 - 10.1177/09544119231172858
DO - 10.1177/09544119231172858
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37139865
AN - SCOPUS:85158907321
SN - 0954-4119
VL - 237
SP - 669
EP - 682
JO - Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine
JF - Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine
IS - 6
ER -