@article{cb3f52c4f21c41319afc558c520642be,
title = "Inorganic arsenic: a nongenotoxic threshold carcinogen",
abstract = "Inorganic arsenic (iA) in the drinking water is a human carcinogen (bladder, lung, and skin). The mode of action involves metabolism to trivalent arsenicals that react with sulfhydryl groups in critical proteins, leading to cytotoxicity with regenerative proliferation, involving a threshold at in vitro concentrations >0.1 μM. Adverse biologic effects at such tissue concentrations in rodents occur with ≥10 ppm of iAs in diet or drinking water. On the basis of mode of action, in vitro, and in vivo studies, anticipated drinking water exposures of 50–150 μg/L exceed a tissue concentration of >0.1 μM in humans. Epidemiologic investigations evaluating populations exposed at levels <150 μg/L iAs in drinking water are consistent with such a threshold for cancer.",
keywords = "Inorganic arsenic, Risk assessment, bladder cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, threshold",
author = "Cohen, {Samuel M.} and Arnold, {Lora L.} and Tsuji, {Joyce S.}",
note = "Funding Information: J.S. Tsuji has provided scientific consultation to the Arsenic Science Task Force (ASTF), the Wood Preservatives Science Council (WPSC), and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) regarding arsenic dose response issues, including providing public comments on USEPA Integrated Risk and Information System (IRIS) assessments for arsenic. The ASTF represents trade associations of industries, manufacturers, and agricultural producers with interests in the scientific and regulatory developments on arsenic. WPSC is a trade organization funded by manufacturers of wood preservative chemicals including those containing arsenic. EPRI is a nonprofit organization that conducts research, development, and demonstration projects on scientific topics of interest to electric utilities. Its members are mostly electric utilities and also include businesses, government agencies, regulators, and public and private entities. Some of J.S. Tsuji published papers on arsenic were partially funded by the ASTF and EPRI. Some of J.S. Tsuji's publications were also partially funded by Rio Tinto (a mining company), the American Chemistry Council (specifically, companies within the antimicrobial sector of this chemical trade organization that funds research on health, safety, and the environment), or ILSI North America Technical Committee on Food and Chemical Safety. ILSI is a nonprofit foundation (funded by member food companies) focused on scientific issues related to nutritional quality and safety of the food supply. The arsenic biomonitoring study in New York published by J.S. Tsuji was funded by FMC Corporation (a former manufacturer of arsenic-based pesticides); FMC had no role in providing comments on the reporting of the biomonitoring study results or in funding its publication. J.S. Tsuji has also provided public comments on arsenic exposure and health risks on behalf of the above parties, and scientific consultation to a number of mining companies, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the USEPA for conducting health risk assessments of arsenic at contaminated sites, and in guiding cleanup of sites. J.S. Tsuji has also provided expert testimony on behalf of both defendants and plaintiffs on arsenic exposure and health risk in legal cases. Funding Information: The research on arsenic of S.M. Cohen and L.L. Arnold has been supported by the US National Cancer Institute, ILSI North America Technical Committee on Food and Chemical Safety, EPRI, ASTF, the Organic Arsenical Products Task Force (OAPTF) (trade organization of companies producing methylated arsenicals for pesticide use), USEPA, Alberta Health (from the Canadian Province of Alberta), Alberta Innovates (from the Canadian Province of Alberta), Canada Research Chair{\textquoteright}s Program, Canadian Institute of Health Research, and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. S.M. Cohen has also provided public comments on USEPA IRIS assessment for arsenic. Drs. Cohen and Tsuji received funding from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality for a risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in drinking water [3] . Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 Elsevier B.V.",
year = "2019",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1016/j.cotox.2019.05.002",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "14",
pages = "8--13",
journal = "Current Opinion in Toxicology",
issn = "2468-2020",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
}