TY - JOUR
T1 - Modeling plant phenology by MODIS derived photochemical reflectance index (PRI)
AU - Liu, Ying
AU - Wu, Chaoyang
AU - Tian, Feng
AU - Wang, Xiaoyue
AU - Gamon, John A.
AU - Wong, Christopher Y.S.
AU - Zhang, Xiaoyang
AU - Gonsamo, Alemu
AU - Jassal, Rachhpal S.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the National Key R&D program of China ( 2018YFA0606101 ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 42125101 ) and by the CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team ( JCTD-2020-05 ). John A. Gamon acknowledges support from NASA ABoVE grant NNX15AT78A that informed interpretations of this study. We thank many collaborators, including FLUXNET site PIs and technicians. The flux data used eddy covariance data acquired and shared by the FLUXNET community, including these networks: AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, GreenGrass, ICOS, KoFlux, LBA, NECC, OzFlux-TERN, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC. The ERA-Interim reanalysis data are provided by ECMWF and processed by LSCE. The FLUXNET eddy covariance data processing and harmonization were carried out by the European Fluxes Database Cluster, AmeriFlux Management Project, and Fluxdata project of FLUXNET, with the support of CDIAC and ICOS Ecosystem Thematic Center, and the OzFlux, ChinaFlux, and AsiaFlux offices. The authors gratefully acknowledge all members of the PEP725 project for providing the phenological data.
Funding Information:
This work was funded by the National Key R&D program of China (2018YFA0606101), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42125101) and by the CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team (JCTD-2020-05). John A. Gamon acknowledges support from NASA ABoVE grant NNX15AT78A that informed interpretations of this study. We thank many collaborators, including FLUXNET site PIs and technicians. The flux data used eddy covariance data acquired and shared by the FLUXNET community, including these networks: AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, GreenGrass, ICOS, KoFlux, LBA, NECC, OzFlux-TERN, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC. The ERA-Interim reanalysis data are provided by ECMWF and processed by LSCE. The FLUXNET eddy covariance data processing and harmonization were carried out by the European Fluxes Database Cluster, AmeriFlux Management Project, and Fluxdata project of FLUXNET, with the support of CDIAC and ICOS Ecosystem Thematic Center, and the OzFlux, ChinaFlux, and AsiaFlux offices. The authors gratefully acknowledge all members of the PEP725 project for providing the phenological data.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022
PY - 2022/9/15
Y1 - 2022/9/15
N2 - Vegetation phenology is a sensitive indicator of ecosystem responses to climate change, and thus the accurate estimation of vegetation phenology is critical to evaluate the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Common structural vegetation indices (VIs) such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Near-infrared Reflectance of Vegetation (NIRv) and Plant Phenology Index (PPI), are the most widely used indicators of phenology, but they have limited potential in tracking autumn phenology, especially for evergreen species with low seasonal variability of canopy greenness. Given the important role of carotenoid pigments in regulating photosynthetic activity and plant phenology, we hypothesize that satellite-based indicators of leaf pigments derived from MODIS ocean bands could be useful for phenology modeling. Using 624 site-years of flux data at 84 FLUXNET sites and 9979 ground observations at 138 PEP725 sites, we first explored the potential of different forms of scaled photochemical reflectance index (sPRIref) in monitoring photosynthetic activity, and found that band 10 and band 13 were more suitable for tracking gross primary productivity (GPP) than other reference bands. By comparing with canopy photosynthetic phenology, sPRI10 and sPRI13 showed improved representation of phenological transitions (the start and end of growing season, SOS and EOS, respectively) than structural VIs. In spring, all VIs exhibited comparable performances for estimating SOS at deciduous broadleaf forests (DBF) and grasslands (GRA) sites; however, sPRI10 and sPRI13 were better predictors of SOS than structural VIs at evergreen needleleaf forests (ENF) and mixed forests (MF) sites. In autumn, sPRI10 and sPRI13 showed improved predictive strength of EOS than structural VIs for ENF, MF and GRA sites. Further investigations using the ground observed phenological records also confirmed the improved performances of sPRI10 and sPRI13 for both SOS and EOS estimation. We also investigated the spatial patterns of sPRI10-derived SOS and EOS over the Northern Hemisphere with respect to different plant functional types. We showed that sPRI10 reliably tracked plant phenology with 83.0% and 78.8% success in detecting SOS and EOS, respectively. Spatial patterns of SOS exhibited obvious latitudinal gradients, while EOS showed a strong regional heterogeneity. In addition, sPRI10 predicted an overall earlier SOS (61.8%) and later EOS (51.2%) than the MODIS phenology product (VNP22Q2 v001) estimated from structural VI, suggesting the latter underestimated the greening potential of the Northern Hemisphere. Our results suggest that MODIS PRI could be useful to monitor vegetation phenology, and further reveal the importance of underappreciated carotenoid pigments in tracking plant seasonal changes, particularly in autumn months.
AB - Vegetation phenology is a sensitive indicator of ecosystem responses to climate change, and thus the accurate estimation of vegetation phenology is critical to evaluate the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Common structural vegetation indices (VIs) such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Near-infrared Reflectance of Vegetation (NIRv) and Plant Phenology Index (PPI), are the most widely used indicators of phenology, but they have limited potential in tracking autumn phenology, especially for evergreen species with low seasonal variability of canopy greenness. Given the important role of carotenoid pigments in regulating photosynthetic activity and plant phenology, we hypothesize that satellite-based indicators of leaf pigments derived from MODIS ocean bands could be useful for phenology modeling. Using 624 site-years of flux data at 84 FLUXNET sites and 9979 ground observations at 138 PEP725 sites, we first explored the potential of different forms of scaled photochemical reflectance index (sPRIref) in monitoring photosynthetic activity, and found that band 10 and band 13 were more suitable for tracking gross primary productivity (GPP) than other reference bands. By comparing with canopy photosynthetic phenology, sPRI10 and sPRI13 showed improved representation of phenological transitions (the start and end of growing season, SOS and EOS, respectively) than structural VIs. In spring, all VIs exhibited comparable performances for estimating SOS at deciduous broadleaf forests (DBF) and grasslands (GRA) sites; however, sPRI10 and sPRI13 were better predictors of SOS than structural VIs at evergreen needleleaf forests (ENF) and mixed forests (MF) sites. In autumn, sPRI10 and sPRI13 showed improved predictive strength of EOS than structural VIs for ENF, MF and GRA sites. Further investigations using the ground observed phenological records also confirmed the improved performances of sPRI10 and sPRI13 for both SOS and EOS estimation. We also investigated the spatial patterns of sPRI10-derived SOS and EOS over the Northern Hemisphere with respect to different plant functional types. We showed that sPRI10 reliably tracked plant phenology with 83.0% and 78.8% success in detecting SOS and EOS, respectively. Spatial patterns of SOS exhibited obvious latitudinal gradients, while EOS showed a strong regional heterogeneity. In addition, sPRI10 predicted an overall earlier SOS (61.8%) and later EOS (51.2%) than the MODIS phenology product (VNP22Q2 v001) estimated from structural VI, suggesting the latter underestimated the greening potential of the Northern Hemisphere. Our results suggest that MODIS PRI could be useful to monitor vegetation phenology, and further reveal the importance of underappreciated carotenoid pigments in tracking plant seasonal changes, particularly in autumn months.
KW - EVI
KW - Gross Primary Productivity
KW - NDVI
KW - Phenology
KW - Photochemical Reflectance Index
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U2 - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109095
DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109095
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85135419720
VL - 324
JO - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
JF - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
SN - 0168-1923
M1 - 109095
ER -