@article{72f7466e985a41b0933aec2ca9b77644,
title = "Nuclear translocation of spike mRNA and protein is a novel feature of SARS-CoV-2",
abstract = "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes severe pathophysiology in vulnerable older populations and appears to be highly pathogenic and more transmissible than other coronaviruses. The spike (S) protein appears to be a major pathogenic factor that contributes to the unique pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Although the S protein is a surface transmembrane type 1 glycoprotein, it has been predicted to be translocated into the nucleus due to the novel nuclear localization signal (NLS) “PRRARSV,” which is absent from the S protein of other coronaviruses. Indeed, S proteins translocate into the nucleus in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. S mRNAs also translocate into the nucleus. S mRNA colocalizes with S protein, aiding the nuclear translocation of S mRNA. While nuclear translocation of nucleoprotein (N) has been shown in many coronaviruses, the nuclear translocation of both S mRNA and S protein reveals a novel feature of SARS-CoV-2.",
keywords = "mRNA, NLS, nuclear translocation, SARS-CoV-2, spike",
author = "Sarah Sattar and Juraj Kabat and Kailey Jerome and Friederike Feldmann and Kristina Bailey and Masfique Mehedi",
note = "Funding Information: We are thankful to the MARC U-STAR program at UND for supporting the undergraduate students SS and KJ. We are grateful to Jaspreet K. Osan for helping with primary cell culture work. We are also grateful to Heinz Feldmann of the Laboratory of Virology, NIAID, NIH for support with material and infections. We are thankful to Shanna S. Leventhal and David W. Hawman for sharing S protein expressing recombinant plasmid. In addition, we thank the Microscopy Core (UND, Grand Forks), which is funded by NIH P20GM103442, of the INBRE program for providing access to an Olympus FV300 confocal microscope. Histological services were provided by the UND Histology Core, which is supported by the NIH/NIGMS awards P20GM113123, U54G M128729, and UND SMHS funds. We also thank the Imaging Core (UND, Grand Forks), which is funded by NIH P20GM113123, NIH U54GM128729, and UNDSMHS funds, for IMARIS image analyses. Funding Information: We are thankful to the MARC U-STAR program at UND for supporting the undergraduate students SS and KJ. We are grateful to Jaspreet K. Osan for helping with primary cell culture work. We are also grateful to Heinz Feldmann of the Laboratory of Virology, NIAID, NIH for support with material and infections. We are thankful to Shanna S. Leventhal and David W. Hawman for sharing S protein expressing recombinant plasmid. In addition, we thank the Microscopy Core (UND, Grand Forks), which is funded by NIH P20GM103442, of the INBRE program for providing access to an Olympus FV300 confocal microscope. Histological services were provided by the UND Histology Core, which is supported by the NIH/NIGMS awards P20GM113123, U54G M128729, and UND SMHS funds. We also thank the Imaging Core (UND, Grand Forks), which is funded by NIH P20GM113123, NIH U54GM128729, and UNDSMHS funds, for IMARIS image analyses. Funding Information: This work was funded by the NIH/NIGMS awards P20GM113123 and T34GM122835, VA grant 101-BX005413 and partially by the Intramural Research Program, NIAID, NIH. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2023 Sattar, Kabat, Jerome, Feldmann, Bailey and Mehedi.",
year = "2023",
month = jan,
day = "26",
doi = "10.3389/fmicb.2023.1073789",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "14",
journal = "Frontiers in Microbiology",
issn = "1664-302X",
publisher = "Frontiers Media S. A.",
}