TY - JOUR
T1 - Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus revisited
T2 - An evolutionary retrospective
AU - Christman, Mary C.
AU - Kedwaii, Ambreen
AU - Xu, Jianpeng
AU - Donis, Ruben O.
AU - Lu, Guoqing
N1 - Funding Information:
This publication was made possible by NIH grant number R01 LM009985-01A1 . The authors also acknowledge the UCRCA , the University of Nebraska at Omaha, for continuous funding support to this research program. The authors are grateful to Andy Zhong and Todd Herpy for their help with structural analysis. We would also like to thank Thaine Rowley for a Perl script to concatenate the eight segments of the viral sequences for phylogenetic analysis.
PY - 2011/7
Y1 - 2011/7
N2 - The pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus is unique in many aspects, especially in its genetics and evolution. In this paper, we examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of this novel virus through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, and present results in the context of a review of the literature. The pandemic virus was found to arise from a reassortment of two swine viruses, each of which ultimately arose from interspecies transmission. It experienced fast evolutionary rates and strong selection pressures, diverging into two different clusters at the early pandemic stage. Cluster I became extinct at the end of 2009 whereas Cluster II continued to circulate at much lower rates in 2010. Therefore, on August 10 of 2010 the WHO declared the end of the pandemic. Important mutations associated with host specificity, virulence, and drug resistance were detected in the pandemic virus, indicating effective transmission and increased severity in humans. Much has been learned about the evolutionary dynamics of this pandemic virus; however, it is still impossible to predict when the next pandemic will occur and which virus will be responsible. Improved surveillance at different levels (both national and international) and in different hosts (especially in swine) appears to be crucial for early detection and prevention of future influenza pandemics.
AB - The pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus is unique in many aspects, especially in its genetics and evolution. In this paper, we examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of this novel virus through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, and present results in the context of a review of the literature. The pandemic virus was found to arise from a reassortment of two swine viruses, each of which ultimately arose from interspecies transmission. It experienced fast evolutionary rates and strong selection pressures, diverging into two different clusters at the early pandemic stage. Cluster I became extinct at the end of 2009 whereas Cluster II continued to circulate at much lower rates in 2010. Therefore, on August 10 of 2010 the WHO declared the end of the pandemic. Important mutations associated with host specificity, virulence, and drug resistance were detected in the pandemic virus, indicating effective transmission and increased severity in humans. Much has been learned about the evolutionary dynamics of this pandemic virus; however, it is still impossible to predict when the next pandemic will occur and which virus will be responsible. Improved surveillance at different levels (both national and international) and in different hosts (especially in swine) appears to be crucial for early detection and prevention of future influenza pandemics.
KW - Evolution
KW - Genetic mutation
KW - Genome reassortment
KW - Influenza
KW - Pandemic H1N1
KW - Phylodynamics
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U2 - 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.02.021
DO - 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.02.021
M3 - Review article
C2 - 21382522
AN - SCOPUS:79956298771
VL - 11
SP - 803
EP - 811
JO - Infection, Genetics and Evolution
JF - Infection, Genetics and Evolution
SN - 1567-1348
IS - 5
ER -