TY - JOUR
T1 - Pharmacological approaches of refractory angina
AU - Giannopoulos, Andreas A.
AU - Giannoglou, George D.
AU - Chatzizisis, Yiannis S.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2016/7/1
Y1 - 2016/7/1
N2 - Refractory angina refers to a group of patients with stable coronary atherosclerotic disease and angina symptoms, unresponsive to traditional medical management, while considered to be suboptimal candidates for revascularization procedures. Up to 15% of angina patients are considered to have refractory angina and, taking into account the aging population and the improvements in the treatment of stable coronary artery disease, the incidence of this entity is expected to increase. This review describes traditional and novel pharmacotherapies for symptoms relief and for long-term management of refractory angina. Mechanisms of action and relevant clinical trials are discussed and current recommendations from major European and US cardiovascular societies are reported.
AB - Refractory angina refers to a group of patients with stable coronary atherosclerotic disease and angina symptoms, unresponsive to traditional medical management, while considered to be suboptimal candidates for revascularization procedures. Up to 15% of angina patients are considered to have refractory angina and, taking into account the aging population and the improvements in the treatment of stable coronary artery disease, the incidence of this entity is expected to increase. This review describes traditional and novel pharmacotherapies for symptoms relief and for long-term management of refractory angina. Mechanisms of action and relevant clinical trials are discussed and current recommendations from major European and US cardiovascular societies are reported.
KW - Novel agents
KW - Pharmacotherapy
KW - Refractory angina
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U2 - 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.008
DO - 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.008
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27013345
AN - SCOPUS:84963956681
SN - 0163-7258
VL - 163
SP - 118
EP - 131
JO - Pharmacology and Therapeutics
JF - Pharmacology and Therapeutics
ER -