@article{07f24c377ebf4dd885fae2e39662c23c,
title = "Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity in Salvia (Lamiaceae): Evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods",
abstract = "Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1000 species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW) Salvia is largely distinct from that of Old World (OW) Salvia and that these differences are pollinator driven; shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; anther connectives (key constituents of the Salvia staminal lever) and styles co-evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever in Salvia is a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.",
keywords = "Bee pollination, bird pollination, floral shape, key innovation, staminal lever",
author = "Ricardo Kriebel and Bryan Drew and Gonz{\'a}lez-Gallegos, {Jes{\'u}s G.} and Ferhat Celep and Luciann Heeg and Mahdjoub, {Mohamed M.} and Sytsma, {Kenneth J.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank the editors and reviewers for their time and constructive comments that improved this article. We also thank I. Cacho, E. Dariotis, and C.‐L. Xiang for help obtaining floral scans in Mexico, Greece, and China, respectively, as well as the UC‐Berkeley and Denver Botanical Gardens. We also thank the Phylogenetics and Evolution group in the Botany Department, University of Wisconsin, and C. An{\'e} for statistical advice. The work was funded in part by a University of Wisconsin Graduate School grant, the University of Wisconsin Botany Department Hofmeister Endowment, a National Science Foundation‐DOB grant to Sytsma (DOB‐1046355), and a National Science Foundation‐DEB grant to Sytsma and Drew (DEB‐1655606). GG thanks financial support provided by CONACYT (project 255165). FC thanks the TUBITAK‐BIDEB 2219 Postdoctoral Research Program for financial support. Funding Information: RK, BD, and KJS conceived of the project. BD and KJS provided the funding for the project. RK, BD, JGG-G, FC, LH, and MMM obtained the morphometric data. RK, BD, and KJS provided the calibrated phylogenetic tree. RK performed the analyses. RK and KJS wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and BD edited the draft. All authors edited the final version. The authors would like to thank the editors and reviewers for their time and constructive comments that improved this article. We also thank I. Cacho, E. Dariotis, and C.-L. Xiang for help obtaining floral scans in Mexico, Greece, and China, respectively, as well as the UC-Berkeley and Denver Botanical Gardens. We also thank the Phylogenetics and Evolution group in the Botany Department, University of Wisconsin, and C. An? for statistical advice. The work was funded in part by a University of Wisconsin Graduate School grant, the University of Wisconsin Botany Department Hofmeister Endowment, a National Science Foundation-DOB grant to Sytsma (DOB-1046355), and a National Science Foundation-DEB grant to Sytsma and Drew (DEB-1655606). GG thanks financial support provided by CONACYT (project 255165). FC thanks the TUBITAK-BIDEB 2219 Postdoctoral Research Program for financial support. Species, vouchers, and GenBank accessions used for the phylogenetic tree are deposited in Dryad (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8m40rb0). The R scripts, morphometric data for corolla, anther connective, and style, and pollinator scoring are deposited in Dryad (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.q573n5tg5). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Authors. Evolution {\textcopyright} 2020 The Society for the Study of Evolution.",
year = "2020",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/evo.14030",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "74",
pages = "1335--1355",
journal = "Evolution; international journal of organic evolution",
issn = "0014-3820",
publisher = "Society for the Study of Evolution",
number = "7",
}