TY - JOUR
T1 - Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical/continuum style solvation model
T2 - Linear response theory, variational treatment, and nuclear gradients
AU - Li, Hui
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by start-up funds from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
PY - 2009
Y1 - 2009
N2 - Linear response and variational treatment are formulated for Hartree-Fock (HF) and Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) methods and combined discrete-continuum solvation models that incorporate self-consistently induced dipoles and charges. Due to the variational treatment, analytic nuclear gradients can be evaluated efficiently for these discrete and continuum solvation models. The forces and torques on the induced point dipoles and point charges can be evaluated using simple electrostatic formulas as for permanent point dipoles and point charges, in accordance with the electrostatic nature of these methods. Implementation and tests using the effective fragment potential (EFP, a polarizable force field) method and the conductorlike polarizable continuum model (CPCM) show that the nuclear gradients are as accurate as those in the gas phase HF and DFT methods. Using B3LYP/EFP/CPCM and time-dependent-B3LYP/EFP/CPCM methods, acetone S0→S1 excitation in aqueous solution is studied. The results are close to those from full B3LYP/CPCM calculations.
AB - Linear response and variational treatment are formulated for Hartree-Fock (HF) and Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) methods and combined discrete-continuum solvation models that incorporate self-consistently induced dipoles and charges. Due to the variational treatment, analytic nuclear gradients can be evaluated efficiently for these discrete and continuum solvation models. The forces and torques on the induced point dipoles and point charges can be evaluated using simple electrostatic formulas as for permanent point dipoles and point charges, in accordance with the electrostatic nature of these methods. Implementation and tests using the effective fragment potential (EFP, a polarizable force field) method and the conductorlike polarizable continuum model (CPCM) show that the nuclear gradients are as accurate as those in the gas phase HF and DFT methods. Using B3LYP/EFP/CPCM and time-dependent-B3LYP/EFP/CPCM methods, acetone S0→S1 excitation in aqueous solution is studied. The results are close to those from full B3LYP/CPCM calculations.
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U2 - 10.1063/1.3259550
DO - 10.1063/1.3259550
M3 - Article
C2 - 19916594
AN - SCOPUS:84962477150
SN - 0021-9606
VL - 131
JO - Journal of Chemical Physics
JF - Journal of Chemical Physics
IS - 18
M1 - 184103
ER -