TY - JOUR
T1 - Sandbagging on the immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (impact) in a high school athlete population
AU - Higgins, Kathryn L.
AU - Denney, Robert L.
AU - Maerlender, Arthur
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - The Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is a computerized neuropsychological test battery commonly used to assess cognitive functioning after a concussion. It is recommended that application of ImPACT utilizes a baseline administration so athletes have an individualized baseline with which to compare post-injury results should they sustain a concussion. It has been suggested that athletes may provide suboptimal effort, called "sandbagging," in order to return to their baseline cognitive scores, and thus to play, more quickly. This research examines ImPACT baseline scores when high school athletes were asked to attempt to "sandbag," and compares those scores with scores obtained when they were asked to give their "best effort." Fifty-four high school student athlete volunteers participated in the study. In contrast to previous research that just looked at the cut-score invalidity indicators built into ImPACT, this research developed a regression equation to predict sandbagging. A logistic regression equation developed with four variables that demonstrated the largest effect size between "best effort" and "sandbagged" baselines showed a 99.7% classification accuracy for the "best effort" and "sandbag" groups.
AB - The Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is a computerized neuropsychological test battery commonly used to assess cognitive functioning after a concussion. It is recommended that application of ImPACT utilizes a baseline administration so athletes have an individualized baseline with which to compare post-injury results should they sustain a concussion. It has been suggested that athletes may provide suboptimal effort, called "sandbagging," in order to return to their baseline cognitive scores, and thus to play, more quickly. This research examines ImPACT baseline scores when high school athletes were asked to attempt to "sandbag," and compares those scores with scores obtained when they were asked to give their "best effort." Fifty-four high school student athlete volunteers participated in the study. In contrast to previous research that just looked at the cut-score invalidity indicators built into ImPACT, this research developed a regression equation to predict sandbagging. A logistic regression equation developed with four variables that demonstrated the largest effect size between "best effort" and "sandbagged" baselines showed a 99.7% classification accuracy for the "best effort" and "sandbag" groups.
KW - Baseline
KW - Concussion
KW - Concussion assessment
KW - High school athletes
KW - Neuropsychological testing
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U2 - 10.1093/arclin/acw108
DO - 10.1093/arclin/acw108
M3 - Article
C2 - 28431031
AN - SCOPUS:85027350108
SN - 0887-6177
VL - 32
SP - 259
EP - 266
JO - Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
JF - Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
IS - 3
ER -