TY - JOUR
T1 - Sensitive and simplified analysis of natural and synthetic steroids in water and solids using on-line solid-phase extraction and microwave-assisted solvent extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure photoionization
AU - Snow, Daniel D.
AU - Damon-Powell, Teyona
AU - Onanong, Sathaporn
AU - Cassada, David A.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments Funding for this research includes support from the Nebraska Research Initiative, Water Resources Research Initiative, and the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Samples analyzed using these methods were collected and analyzed as part of several projects, including EPA Science to Achieve Results Grant R833423. Special thanks to Gyanendra Prasai and Jesse Voelker for their assistance in preparation of samples.
PY - 2013/2
Y1 - 2013/2
N2 - Analytical methods for the determination of several natural and synthetic steroids in water and solid samples were developed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) in positive mode was used as the source which appeared to reduce background and interferences as compared to electrospray ionization. Toluene was identified as the most appropriate dopant and its concentration optimized to enhance ionization efficiency. Method detection limits were in the low-nanogram-per- liter range for water samples using on-line solid-phase extraction and near 0.2 ng/g using microwave-assisted solvent extraction for solid samples. This on-line method, using APPI as a source and toluene as a dopant, is beneficial as it saves time due to on-line extraction and reduces interference and matrix effects using gas-phase photoionization. Groundwater, wastewater, runoff, and soil samples were collected and analyzed using the method indicating that traces of several androgens, estrogens, and other steroid-like compounds do occur in samples impacted by animal waste. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
AB - Analytical methods for the determination of several natural and synthetic steroids in water and solid samples were developed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) in positive mode was used as the source which appeared to reduce background and interferences as compared to electrospray ionization. Toluene was identified as the most appropriate dopant and its concentration optimized to enhance ionization efficiency. Method detection limits were in the low-nanogram-per- liter range for water samples using on-line solid-phase extraction and near 0.2 ng/g using microwave-assisted solvent extraction for solid samples. This on-line method, using APPI as a source and toluene as a dopant, is beneficial as it saves time due to on-line extraction and reduces interference and matrix effects using gas-phase photoionization. Groundwater, wastewater, runoff, and soil samples were collected and analyzed using the method indicating that traces of several androgens, estrogens, and other steroid-like compounds do occur in samples impacted by animal waste. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
KW - Atmospheric pressure photoionization
KW - Environmental
KW - Mass spectrometry
KW - On-line solid-phase extraction
KW - Steroid hormones
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U2 - 10.1007/s00216-012-6572-8
DO - 10.1007/s00216-012-6572-8
M3 - Article
C2 - 23208286
AN - SCOPUS:84873714817
SN - 1618-2642
VL - 405
SP - 1759
EP - 1771
JO - Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
JF - Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
IS - 5
ER -