Solid-State Nitrogen-15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Schiff Base in Bacteriorhodopsin

Solid-state ¹⁵N NMR has been employed to examine protonation of the Schiff base linkage in ϵ-[¹⁵N]lysylbacteriorhodopsin, the single protein in purple membrane. It is shown with spectra of model compounds that protonation of a Schiff base results in an approximate 150-ppm change in the isotropic ¹⁵N chemical shift. Concurrently, the breadth of the shift anisotropy decreases by a factor of about two from 600 to 270 ppm. The isotropic shift of the Schiff base linkage observed in dark-adapted ϵ-[¹⁵N]lysylbacteriorhodopsin closely matches those observed for the protonated model compounds, particularly the more weakly hydrogen-bonded ones. It also seems to be affected slightly by isomerization of the retinal.