The Challenge of Emerging Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens in Hip and Knee Periprosthetic Joint Infections

An increase in resistant bacterial pathogens has occurred over the last 4 decades.Careful patient selection and improving or correcting risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) before elective surgical treatment are strongly recommended.Appropriate microbiological methods, including those used to detect and grow Cutibacterium acnes, are recommended.Antimicrobial agents used in the prevention or management of infection should be selected appropriately and the duration of therapy should be carefully considered in order to mitigate the risk of developing bacterial resistance.Molecular methods including rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostics, 16S sequencing, and/or shotgun and/or targeted whole-genome sequencing are recommended in culture-negative cases of PJI.Expert consultation with an infectious diseases specialist (if available) is recommended to assist with the appropriate antimicrobial management and monitoring of patients with PJI.