The development and psychometric properties of the interpersonal sexual objectification scale-perpetration version

Objective: This research developed and examined the psychometric properties of the 15-item Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale-Perpetration Version (ISOS-P). Method: Specifically, the ISOS-P was developed by modifying the original Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (Kozee, Tylka, Augustus-Horvath, & Denchik, 2007) to assess sexual objectification perpetration. Results: Exploratory factor analyses revealed 3 correlated factors for both men and women-body gazes, body comments, and unwanted explicit sexual advances-with bifactor hierarchical structure. Confirmatory factor analyses supported bifactor structure with 3 specific group factors. Results did not support measurement invariance of the ISOS-P across women and men, suggesting that ISOS-P scores do not represent the same underlying construct across these groups. Supporting its construct validity, the ISOS-P was positively associated with self-objectification, other-objectification, and sexual violence perpetration, as well as hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, and enjoyment of sexualization. Conclusions: The current study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the objectification phenomenon that is inclusive of both victims and perpetrators of objectification.